Muitas vezes, quando lemos algo sobre Astronomia, nos deparamos com nomes engraçados de astros pelo espaço afora. Alguns nem nomes têm, são siglas das mais estranhas possíveis. Diante disso, quem nunca se perguntou como são dados os nomes a esses astros?
Desde a antiguidade que a humanidade dá nomes aos astros. Diversos povos de culturas diferentes, como babilônios, egípcios, chineses ou índios, deram nomes àqueles objetos que apareciam no céu. A associação dos fenômenos climáticos com o movimento dos astros fez com que o homem da época desse nome de deuses, heróis, divindades mitológicas a algumas estrelas, planetas, Lua, Sol, entre outros.
Certas denominações predominaram até hoje, como os nomes árabes dados a algumas estrelas. Aldebaran (“a seguidora”, pois ela parece seguir as Plêiades), da constelação de Touro, é um exemplo.
Os nomes recebidos pelos planetas são de deuses da cultura greco-romana. Como tinham um movimento diferente das demais estrelas no céu (o próprio nome planetas significa astros errantes) foram associados a divindades mitológicas. Marte, por sua coloração avermelhada, era o deus da guerra.
Os nomes próprios de estrelas deram lugar a outro tipo de nomenclatura com um famoso catálogo chamado Uranometria (1603), desenvolvido pelo astrônomo alemão Johann Bayer. Esse catálogo usava o alfabeto grego para nomear as estrelas das constelações. Então a mais brilhante de determinada constelação seria a alfa (). Aldebaran é a alfa da constelação do Touro. Como o número de estrelas das constelações era bem maior que as 24 letras do alfabeto grego, passou-se a usar também letras romanas maiúsculas e minúsculas. Mais tarde, por volta de 1725, o astrônomo John Flamsteed utilizou a ascensão reta da estrela, uma coordenada astronômica, para denomina-la.
Com o desenvolvimento de telescópios mais modernos o número de astros descobertos cresceu exponencialmente e foram criados novos meios de denominar as estrelas. E não somente as estrelas, mas, aglomerados estelares, nebulosas, galáxias, estrelas variáveis, sistemas estelares e outros tantos. Muitos objetos receberam e continuam a receber números, letras ou nomes de vários catálogos existentes.
Um exemplo é o catalogo Messier, criado pelo astrônomo Charles Messier entre 1764 e 1781, que identificou 110 objetos, entre nebulosas, aglomerados e galáxias. Os objetos descobertos recebiam como designação a letra seguida pela ordem em que foram descobertos. A primeira descoberta foi a nebulosa do Caranguejo, que ficou conhecida com M1.
Alguns astros recebiam o nome do autor da descoberta (e até hoje isso é feito), como os cometas. Um dos mais famosos é o cometa Halley, nome dado em homenagem ao astrônomo Edmond Halley, que, apesar de não tê-lo descoberto, foi quem determinou sua órbita. Também é possível escolher o nome que se quer dar para os asteroides. Aqui no Planetário o astrônomo Leandro Guedes teve o nome dado a um asteroide, homenagem feita por um amigo que o descobriu.
Outro catálogo é o Gliese, criado em 1957, pelo astrônomo Wilhelm Gliese, para estrelas até 25 parsec de distância da Terra (1 parsec corresponde a aproximadamente 3,3 ano-luz). As estrelas deste catálogo recebem a designação GL ou GJ seguido de um número.
Citei este catálogo para mostrar como alguns planetas extrassolares recebem seus nomes. Como as estrelas deste catálogo são relativamente próximas da Terra, elas são alvos frequentes da procura por esses planetas. Outro dia foi divulgada uma notícia que o planeta Gliese 581g poderia ter água no estado líquido. Mas por que este nome? Bem, os planetas extrassolares têm recebido o nome ou a designação da estrela à qual órbita, seguida de uma letra em ordem alfabética. Ele é o sexto planeta descoberto ao redor a estrela Gliese 581. A letra “a” é a própria estrela. Então existe a estrela Gliese 581(a) que tem a companhia dos planetas Gliese 581b, c, d, e, f e, finalmente, g, até onde se sabe!
Já que falei de planetas, volto aos nomes dos planetas para finalizar o assunto. Os planetas do Sistema Solar receberam os nomes de deuses, mas como sabemos nem todos são visíveis a olho nu. Quando descobriram Urano e Netuno resolveram nomeá-los seguindo a imaginação dos antigos e também deram o nome de deuses. Do céu e do mar respectivamente. Muitas das luas dos planetas receberam nomes ligados aos deuses, como por exemplo, as luas de Júpiter: Io, Europa, Calisto e Ganimedes, que seriam grandes amores de Júpiter na mitologia romana.
Como vimos, dar nomes aos astros do nosso Universo parece complicado, como é a escolha para nossos próprios descendentes!
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